104-2 Week5:How AlphaGo defeated a go master

When South Korean go champion Lee Sedol lost his first game to AlphaGo, the whole world was shocked. It was more than just a game of go: It was a milestone in the development of artificial intelligence (AI).

Exactly how did AlphaGo do it? Why were the go programs that came before unable to do it? And how human-like is this AI? Cognitive psychology might offer some interesting insights on the issue.

Since the 1940s, psychologists have been studying people who excel in certain areas, hoping to understand their psychological structure and explain their development. The first research of this kind focused on chess experts, where cognitive psychologists compared chess experts and chess rookies, and were surprised to find they are not very different. Experts are just faster at finding the right move, and the reason has nothing to do with their intelligence or memory capacity, but their advanced ability to recognize patterns on the chess board.

When looking at the pieces in a game, those who excel at chess memorize the pattern they present, which includes the correlations between various pieces. These correlations can reveal the intentions and strategies of a chess player. As a chess player gains more experience, they also become better at reading and memorizing the patterns, so that when a familiar pattern shows up, an expert can immediately predict the ensuing development of the game based on experience. Rookies, on the other hand, cannot see the relations between the pieces in a game. To them, the way the pieces are placed on the board is random. As a result, they often misjudge a situation.

AlphaGo is different from AIs of the past in a number of ways. First, it uses neural networks to recognize patterns. Neural networks are superior to traditional AI, because they can accumulate and learn from their own experiences. In addition to remembering shapes, they can extract patterns from those shapes, and they can also use Monte Carlo methods — computational algorithms used to obtain results from random sampling — to assist their strategic choices. This means that AlphaGo can make decisions based on shapes and patterns to analyze the situation and make an assessment of which move would increase the possibility of victory.

These mechanisms are characteristics of human cognitive systems, but in addition to relying on these two mechanisms, AlphaGo also possesses computing power that far exceeds the human brain.

We have limited cognitive sources at our disposal. For example, “1+1=?” is a simple problem, but many people would find “12345+56789=?” to be a bit of a challenge. Working memory span — the longest list of items a person can remember correctly immediately after having been presented with the list — is an indicator of cognitive resources, and just like a computer’s random-access memory, this is the brain’s platform for processing information. It is limited in size, and the more complex a task, the more cognitive resources it uses up, and this has a direct effect on how fast and how accurate human calculations are. Compared with AlphaGo, Lee’s greatest weakness was that he is human, and thus is restricted by his working memory span.

Although Lee is also capable of analyzing a situation and then arriving at an estimate, his working memory span is limited, and that affects the number of moves available for him to choose from. From this perspective, AlphaGo is indeed different from humans, but in the field of AI, similarity to humans is not necessarily the main point. Instead, the goal is to create a robot capable of displaying intelligence.

From this perspective, AlphaGo clearly set a new milestone in the field of AI, although the very fact that its intelligence surpasses the human brain shows that it is not sufficiently human. For humans to be able to beat it, perhaps it must be made more human.

Structure of the Lead:

WHO- Lee Sedol, AlphaGo

WHEN-not given

WHAT-When South Korean go champion Lee Sedol lost his first game to AlphaGo

WHY-not given

WHERE-Seoul, Korea

HOW-not given

keywords:

correlation  相關

algorithm 算法

assessment 評定

cognitive 認知

indicator 跡象

104-2 Week4:Cold weather brings snow to nation

RECORD LOWS:With thermometers registering just 4 ºC in Taipei, it was the lowest temperature recorded in the capital in 44 years and the second-lowest ever

A rare sight of snow wowed people nationwide yesterday, from Taipei to Pingtung County.

Under the influence of a strong cold air mass, many places in Taiwan — even those located at an altitude of only 400 m to 500 m — received a covering of snow or soft hail overnight, exciting locals, who likely have never seen snow in real life since they were born.

Despite low temperatures, people were seen swarming to elevated areas, including Keelung’s 726 m-high Jiangziliaoshan (姜子寮山), Taipei’s Yangmingshan (陽明山) and New Taipei City’s Linkou (林口) and Pinglin (坪林) districts, to appreciate the natural beauty of the snow.

As of yesterday morning, the accumulated snow had reached 20 cm in Taoyuan’s Lalashan (拉拉山) Forest Recreation Area.

The Motian (摩天嶺-) mountain area along the Southern Cross-Island Highway also reported showers of snow started at 4 am yesterday, as well as on Yunlin County’s Jiananyun Peak (嘉南雲峰), where snow began falling at about 11 am yesterday at an altitude of about 1,500 m.

Under the influence of a cold air mass, the outlying island group of Penghu experienced soft hail yesterday morning.

Pingtung County’s Dawushan (大武山) also reported soft hail from halfway up the mountain to the summit at midnight on Saturday.

The Central Weather Bureau said 27 weather stations in different parts of Taiwan registered their lowest temperatures yesterday.

The temperature in Taipei fell to 4 ºC, the lowest level detected in the capital in 44 years and the second-lowest since 3.2 degrees was recorded in 1972.

It was minus-3.1 ºC in the Yangmingshan area, 5.8 ºC in Yilan County’s Suao (蘇澳), and 4.2 ºC in Taoyuan’s Sinwu District (新屋) — all new lows for these places. In New Taipei City’s Banciao District (板橋), it was 3.8 ºC yesterday morning — the second-lowest level in history.

The temperature in Taipei is forecast to dip to 3 ºC early today, while central and southern regions are expected to experience temperatures of 4 ºC and 6 ºC respectively, the bureau said.

Chances of precipitation are expected to be low across the nation today, apart from in mountainous regions higher than 600 m.

The bureau urged people to be aware of icy road conditions.

The bureau has issued special warnings for low temperatures and heavy rain across Taiwan, urging the public to take precautions and keep warm before the cold wave leaves Taiwan tomorrow, when temperatures across the nation are expected to rebound noticeably.

Structure of the Lead:

WHO- not given

WHEN-Mon, Jan 24, 2016 

WHAT-the influence of a strong cold air mass

WHY-not given

WHERE-in Taiwan

HOW-not given

keywords:

swarming 蜂擁

elevated 提高的

accumulate 積累的

halfway 半路

summit 頂端

respectively 分別

precipitation 降水

precaution 預防

rebound 彈回

104-2 Week3:North Korea claim of hydrogen bomb test condemned

North Korea yesterday said it successfully tested a miniaturized hydrogen nuclear device, claiming a significant advance in its strike capability and setting off alarm bells in Japan and South Korea.

The test, the fourth time the state has exploded a nuclear device, was ordered by young leader Kim Jong-un and successfully conducted at 10am, the official Korean Central News Agency said.

“Let the world look up to the strong, self-reliant nuclear-armed state,” Kim wrote in what North Korean state TV displayed as a handwritten note.

The reported nuclear test drew condemnation abroad.

While a fourth nuclear test had been long expected, the claim that it was a hydrogen device, much more powerful than an atomic bomb, came as a surprise, as did the timing.

However, South Korean intelligence officials and several analysts questioned whether yesterday’s explosion was indeed a full-fledged test of a hydrogen device.

The device had a yield of about 6 kilotonnes, according to a South Korean lawmaker on the parliamentary intelligence committee — about the same size as the North’s last test, which was equivalent to 6 to 7 kilotonnes of TNT.

“Given the scale, it is hard to believe this is a real hydrogen bomb,” said Yang Uk, a senior research fellow at the Korea Defense and Security Forum and a policy adviser to the South Korean navy.

“They could have tested some middle stage kind [of device] between an A-bomb and H-bomb, but unless they come up with any clear evidence, it is difficult to trust their claim,” he said.

Joe Cirincione, a nuclear expert who is president of Ploughshares Fund, a global security organization, said North Korea might have mixed a hydrogen isotope in a normal atomic fission bomb.

“Because it is, in fact, hydrogen, they could claim it is a hydrogen bomb,” he said. “But it is not a true fusion bomb capable of the massive multi-megaton yields these bombs produce.”

The US Geological Survey reported a magnitude 5.1 earthquake that South Korea said was 49km from the Punggye-ri site where the North has conducted nuclear tests in the past.

The claim of miniaturizing, which would allow the device to be adapted as a weapon and placed on a missile, would also pose a new threat to the US, Japan and South Korea.

However, the North’s previous miniaturization claims have not been independently verified.

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said Tokyo would make a firm response to North Korea’s challenge against nuclear non-proliferation.

South Korea said it would take all possible measures, including possible UN sanctions, to ensure Pyongyang paid the price after its fourth nuclear test.

“The government must now work closely with the international community to ensure that North Korea pays the commensurate price for the latest nuclear test,” South Korean President Park Geun-hye said in a statement.

“We must respond decisively through measures such as strong international sanctions,” she said.

The EU said that the test, if confirmed, would be a grave violation of international obligations.

NATO condemned the test, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Russia was “extremely worried” and China urged the North to honor its commitment to denuclearization.

Structure of the Lead:

WHO- North Korea

WHEN- not given

WHAT-North Korea claim of hydrogen bomb test condemned

WHY-not given

WHERE-North Korea

HOW-hydrogen bomb test condemned

keywords:

claim 聲稱

full-fledged 羽翼豐滿

fusion 合成

verified 驗證

fission 分裂

proliferation 擴散

sanctions 制裁

denuclearization 無核化

104-2 Week 2:Man found alive in Shenzhen landslide

A migrant worker was pulled out alive yesterday after he was buried for more than 60 hours in a massive landslide that swept through part of a major manufacturing city in southern China.

Shenzhen Emergency Response Office official Rao Liangzhong said that the man, Tian Zeming (田澤明), was rescued at about dawn yesterday. He said Tian was from Chongqing in southwestern China.

“The survivor had a very feeble voice and pulse when he was found alive buried under debris, and now he is undergoing further checks,” Wang Yiguo (王以國) told a news conference in Shenzhen, according to a transcript posted by the district government that covers the area.

State broadcaster CCTV reported that Tian later underwent surgery for a broken hand and on his foot, which had been wedged against a door panel. It said he had been trying to get out of his room when the building collapsed, and the door panel created a space for him to survive.

When they found him, Tian told rescuers his name and that there was another person buried near him, according to the transcript. Another neurosurgeon, Dai Limeng (戴黎萌), told the news conference that he had gone into the rubble and confirmed that the second person had not survived.

More than 70 people are still missing from the landslide that happened on Sunday when a mountain of construction waste material and mud collapsed and flowed into an industrial park in Shenzhen.

The Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources has said a steep mountain of dirt, cement chunks and other construction waste had been piled up against a 100m-high hill over the past two years.

Heavy rain saturated the soil, making it unstable, and ultimately causing it to collapse with massive force in and around an industrial park.

State media reported that the New Guangming District Government identified problems with the mountain of soil months earlier.

The Legal Evening News said a district government report in January found that the dump had received 1 million cubic meters of waste and warned of a “catastrophe.”

Under pressure from the media, officials allowed about 30 journalists, mostly from foreign outlets, to approach an edge of the disaster area. Flanked by police officers, reporters could observe military posts with computers and disease control stations set up for the rescue workers.

Shenzhen is a major manufacturing center, making everything from cellphones to cars, and it attracts workers from all parts of China.

Structure of the Lead:

WHO- Rao Liangzhong,Tian Zeming 

WHEN- Thu, Dec 23, 2015

WHAT-A migrant worker was pulled out alive yesterday  in a landslide

WHY-not given

WHERE-in southern China.

HOW-not given

keywords:

feeble 微弱

panel 面板

transcript 副本

wedge 劈

rubble 瓦礫

confirm 確認

104-2 Week 1:Russian airliner crashes in Egypt

A Russian airliner carrying 224 passengers and crew yesterday crashed in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, and a security officer at the scene said most passengers appeared to have been killed.

The Airbus A321, operated by Russian airline Kogalymavia under the brand name Metrojet, was flying from the Sinai Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh to St Petersburg in Russia when it went down in a desolate mountainous area of central Sinai soon after daybreak, the Egyptian Ministry of Civil Aviation Ministry said.

An authoritative Sweden-based aviation tracking service said the aircraft, having made an apparently smooth take off, lurched into a rapid descent shortly after approaching cruising altitude.

“I now see a tragic scene,” an Egyptian security officer at the scene said by telephone. “A lot of dead on the ground and many who died whilst strapped to their seats.”

“The plane split into two, a small part on the tail end that burned and a larger part that crashed into a rock. We have extracted at least 100 bodies and the rest are still inside,” said the officer, who requested anonymity.

Sinai is the scene of an insurgency by militants close to Islamic State, who have killed hundreds of Egyptian soldiers and police and have also attacked Western targets in recent months.

Russia, an ally of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, launched air raids against opposition groups in Syria including Islamic State on Sept. 30.

Egyptian Minister of Civil Aviation Mohammed Hossam Kemal was quoted in a Cabinet statement as saying it was too soon to determine the cause of the crash.

Security sources said there was no indication the Airbus had been shot down or blown up.

Egyptian Prime Minister Sherif Ismail was heading to the crash site in the Hassana area 35km south of the Sinai Mediterranean coastal city of Al Arish with several Cabinet ministers on a private jet, the tourism ministry said.

Russian television showed film of anxious relatives and friends waiting for information at St Petersburg’s Pulkovo airport.

Russian President Vladimir Putin declared a day of national mourning for today.

The A321 is a 185-seat medium-haul jet in service since 1994, with more than 1,100 in operation worldwide and a good safety record. It is a highly automated aircraft that relies on computers to help pilots stay within safe flying limits.

Yesterday’s crash is the second fatal accident involving this variant of the A320 jetliner family, according to data from the Flight Safety Foundation.

Airbus said it had no independent information on the crash and declined to comment on the aircraft involved.

Emergency services and aviation specialists quickly began an inspection of the wreckage for any patterns of damage that could point to the cause. One of two flight recorders was quickly found, but wreckage was scattered over a wide area.

The security officer said 120 intact bodies had been found.

“We are hearing a lot of telephones ringing, most likely belonging to the victims, and security forces are collecting them and putting them into a bag,” he said.

The aircraft took off at 5:51am Cairo time and disappeared from radar screens 23 minutes later, the aviation ministry said in a statement.

It was at an altitude of 9,400m when it vanished from radar screens.

Accidents at cruising altitude are one of the rarest categories of accidents, but also among the most deadly, accounting for 13 percent of fatal incidents, but 27 percent of fatalities since 2005, according to Boeing.

According to FlightRadar24, an authoritative Sweden-based flight tracking service, the aircraft was descending rapidly at about 2,000m per minute before the signal was lost to air traffic control.

The Russian RIA news agency, citing sources at Sharm el-Sheikh, said: “The pilot contacted the dispatcher and reported technical problems, asking for a change of the route and a landing at Cairo airport, after which communication was broken.”

The aircraft cited in tracking reports had two engines from the International Aero Engines consortium, which includes United Technologies unit Pratt & Whitney and Germany’s MTU Aero Engines.

Structure of the Lead:

WHO- A Russian airliner carrying 224 passengers

WHEN- not given

WHAT-Russian airliner crashes in Egypt

WHY-not given

WHERE-In Egypt

HOW-The plane split into two, a small part on the tail end that burned and a larger part that crashed into a rock./The aircraft took off at 5:51am Cairo time and disappeared from radar screens 23 minutes later, the aviation ministry said in a statement.

keywords:

desolate 荒涼

lurch 困境

whilst 而

anonymity 匿名

insurgency 暴動

shot down 擊落

blown up 爆炸

variant 變種

jetliner 噴氣客機

wreckage 殘骸

scatter 分散

intact 完整

dispatcher 調度員

consortium 財團

Week 6:PARIS ATTACKS: France cries ‘war’ as IS claims strikes

Islamic State militants yesterday claimed a series of coordinated attacks by suicide bombers and gunmen in Paris that killed at least 128 people at a concert hall, restaurants and the national sports stadium.

French President Francois Hollande also blamed the group and called the coordinated assault on Friday night at six different sites an “act of war.”

“Faced with war, the country must take appropriate action,” Hollande said, without saying what that meant.

Hollande said he would address the French parliament tomorrow in an extraordinary meeting and the nation would observe three days of official mourning for those killed in Friday’s attacks.

At least eight militants, all wearing suicide vests, brought unprecedented violence to the streets of the French capital in the worst attacks in Europe since the 2004 Madrid train bombings.

In the bloodiest part of a night of violence, four men armed with AK-47s and shouting “Allahu Akbar” stormed into a rock concert at the Bataclan theater in eastern Paris, gunning down at least 82 people and taking dozens hostage.

“They didn’t stop firing. There was blood everywhere, corpses everywhere. Everyone was trying to flee,” said Pierre Janaszak, a radio presenter who was at the concert by US rock band Eagles of Death Metal.

The gunmen were heard raging at Hollande and his decision in September to begin airstrikes on Islamic State positions in Syria.

“I clearly heard them say: ‘It’s the fault of Hollande, it’s the fault of your president, he should not have intervened in Syria,’” Janaszak said.

Later yesterday, the Islamic State distributed an undated video threatening to attack France if bombings of its fighters continued.

The group’s foreign media arm, al-Hayat Media Center, made threats through several militants, who called on French Muslims to carry out attacks.

“As long as you keep bombing, you will not live in peace. You will even fear traveling to the market,” said one of the militants, identified as Abu Maryam the Frenchman.

The location of the Islamic State fighters in the video was not clear and it was not possible to determine when it was filmed, but the message was unmistakable.

The militants, who appeared to be French citizens, sat cross-legged in a group wearing fatigues and holding weapons in what appeared to be a wooded area.

The video showed the militants burning passports.

“Indeed you have been ordered to fight the infidel wherever you find him — what are you waiting for? There are weapons and cars available and targets ready to be hit,” Abu Maryam said.

Another militant, identified as Abu Salman al-Fransi, said: “Even poison is available, so poison the water and food of at least one of the enemies of Allah.”

“Terrorize them and do not allow them to sleep due to fear and horror,” he added.

French officials have spoken frequently of their fears that hundreds of French citizens thought to be fighting with the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq would return to France and launch attacks.

France has taken part in US-led airstrikes on Islamic State targets in Iraq for more than a year and in September began bombing the group in Syria, claiming to have hit a training camp and an oil installation.

In a statement issued online yesterday morning, the Islamic State said that “eight brothers wearing explosive belts and carrying assault rifles” conducted a “blessed attack on ... crusader France.”

The death toll of 128 does not include the eight attackers.

The assault also left at least 250 wounded, 100 of them seriously.

Hollande said the multiple attacks across Paris were “an act of war ... committed by a terrorist army, DAESH, against France,” using an Arabic acronym for the group.

No arrests had been made by early yesterday morning and the nation was in a state of emergency, decreed by Hollande on Friday night.

Hollande himself had to be hastily evacuated from the Stade de France when suicide bombers struck outside during a friendly soccer game between France and Germany.

At first, few of the crowd appeared to grasp the significance of what was happening and the game continued. When news began filtering in, people surged onto the turf in chaotic scenes.

The worst of the killing occurred at the Bataclan music venue in the trendy 11th arrondissement, where more than 1,000 rock fans were at the sellout show.

As screams rang out and people ran over the injured or dead to make their ways to the exits or places to hide, the militants took hostages and began executing them.

“We heard people screaming — the hostages particularly — and the threats from the kidnappers,” said another survivor, 34-year-old Charles.

Along with about 20 others, he fled to a toilet where he pushed through the ceiling and hid in the cavity.

Three of the militants blew up their explosive belts as heavily armed anti-terror police raided the venues at about 12:30am, while a fourth was shot dead.

Another attacker blew himself up in nearby Boulevard Voltaire, as the streets were filled with the sound of police sirens and convoys of ambulances shipping hundreds of injured people to hospitals.

A police officer who took part in the storming of the building told reporters: “It was horrible inside, a bloodbath, people shot in the head, people who were shot as they were lying on the ground.”

Several restaurants near the concert hall were also targeted, including a popular Cambodian eatery in the trendy Canal St Martin area, where bars and restaurants were thronged with young revelers.

Paris prosecutor’s spokeswoman Agnes Thibault-Lecuivre told reporters she could not exclude the possibility that some attackers might still be at large.

Authorities were searching for possible accomplices.

Hollande condemned the attacks as terrorism and pledged that France would stand firm against its foes.

“A determined France, a united France, a France that joins together and a France that will not allow itself to be staggered even if today, there is infinite emotion faced with this disaster, this tragedy, which is an abomination, because it is barbarism,” Hollande said.

“This is a terrible ordeal that again assails us,” Hollande said in a nationally televised address. “We know where it comes from, who these criminals are, who these terrorists are.”

France has heightened security measures ahead of a global climate conference that is to start in two weeks, out of fear of violent protests and potential terrorist attacks.

Hollande canceled a planned trip to this weekend’s G20 summit in Turkey, which was to focus in large part on growing fears of terrorism carried out by Muslim extremists.

Structure of the Lead:

WHO- suicide bombers and gunmen   

WHEN- 2015/11/13

WHAT-France cries ‘war’ as IS claims strikes;suicide bombers and gunmen in Paris that killed at least 128 people at a concert hall, restaurants and the national sports stadium.

WHY-not given

WHERE-in Paris,France

HOW-Wearing suicide vests, brought unprecedented violence to the streets of the French capital in the worst attacks in Europe since the 2004 Madrid train bombings.

keywords:

gunmen   槍手

parliament   議會

mourn   悼

intervene   干預

unprecedented   空前的

Week 5:Chinese consumers splurge on ‘Singles Day’ spree

Chinese Internet users yesterday spent billions of dollars in the planet’s biggest online shopping splurge, as “Singles Day” hit new heights, despite slowing growth in the world’s second-largest economy.

The cumulative national bill for the day-long orgy of commerce dwarfed what Americans spent online over the five-day frenzy from Thanksgiving to Cyber Monday last year.

Singles Day is not a traditional Chinese festival, but e-commerce giant Alibaba Group Holding Ltd (阿里巴巴) has been pushing Nov. 11 — a date heavy on ones — since 2009 as it looks to tap the country’s huge, and expanding, army of Internet shoppers.

At first it was marketed as an “anti-Valentine’s Day,” featuring hefty discounts to lure singletons and price-sensitive buyers.

However, with sales hitting new highs year after year, it has become a massive — and highly lucrative — business opportunity embraced by the nation’s digital retailers.

Competition for a slice of China’s online population of 668 million is turning increasingly fierce.

Alibaba kicked off this year’s mammoth event with a television spectacular at Beijing’s Water Cube Olympic swimming venue, featuring Chinese and foreign celebrities, including James Bond actor Daniel Craig, and US actor Kevin Spacey.

And the company’s efforts were paying off in spades, with shoppers splashing out more than US$10 billion in the first 14 hours of the sale.

This year’s tally had already outstripped last year’s gangbusters effort, with the last year’s total of US$9.3 billion matched a little more than 12 hours after the promotion’s midnight start.

In comparison, desktop sales for the five days from Thanksgiving through Cyber Monday in the US last year stood at US$6.56 billion, according to Internet analytic firm com-score.

“The 2015 sale has eclipsed last year’s final results in a little over half the time,” Alibaba said.

In an earlier release, Alibaba’s chief executive officer Daniel Zhang (張勇) said: “The whole world will witness the power of Chinese consumption this November 11.”

Another one of China’s main online retailers, JD.com Inc (京東), said it had completed more than 10 million transactions by 10am. That was almost twice as many as last year’s total.

The task of putting customers’ purchases into their hands is huge. Alibaba said its logistical arm and its partners would use more than 1.7 million personnel, 400,000 vehicles, 5,000 warehouses and 200 airplanes to handle deliveries.

The event has received vocal support from the government at a time when China’s economic expansion is slowing and Beijing is trying to transform its growth model into a more sustainable one driven by consumption.

Chinese Premier Li Keqiang’s (李克強) office phoned Alibaba chairman Jack Ma (馬雲) hours ahead of the promotion, “congratulating and encouraging the creation and achievement of the 11.11 event,” said a posting on a social media account of Tmall (天貓), the group’s business-to-consumer arm.

Chinese Internet users yesterday showed off their acquisitions — with many lamenting that they had spent far too much money.

“I can only afford to eat dirt for the next half year,” said a user on Sina Weibo (微博), with an attached screen grab of a Taobao (淘寶) app showing she had bought 42 items.

.Structure of the Lead：     

      WHO-Chinese Premier Li Keqiang’s (李克強) office phoned Alibaba chairman Jack Ma (馬雲)             hours ahead of the promotion      WHEN- 11/11

      WHAT-Singles Day

      WHY-hefty discounts

      WHERE-shopping websites

      HOW-not given

keywords:

splurge   揮霍 

cumulative  累積的

orgy  狂歡

singletons  單身
lucrative  賺錢
embrace  擁抱
kicked off  拉開序幕
tally  符合
outstripped  超越
eclipse  失色